Smart agriculture is a digital agricultural model that uses modern information technology as its core and reconstructs the entire agricultural production chain through technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and artificial intelligence (AI).

On July 20, 2026, the State Council Information Office held a press conference, where relevant officials from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) released a series of encouraging data: in the first half of the year, China’s intelligent robotics sector experienced explosive growth. Quadruped robots accounted for nearly 70% of global sales, while more than 400 humanoid robot products have been developed, representing over half of the global total. This marks that China’s emb

The USB 3.0 threaded rear panel mount solder wire to solder pad connector is a plastic waterproof connector launched by CAZN. It belongs to the EUSB series and adopts a threaded connection method, complying with the USB 3.0 standard. Driven by the rapid development of Industry 4.0 and intelligent manufacturing, industrial equipment places higher demands on connector stability, protection performance, and environmental adaptability.

The M12 all-plastic connector is an M12 circular connector whose housing and main structure are entirely made of engineering plastics (such as PA66, PBT, or PA+GF). It differs from metal-housing or hybrid metal-plastic M12 connectors. It is widely used in industrial automation, sensor systems, lightweight equipment, and other applications with specific requirements for weight, cost, or insulation performance.

Industrial robots have extremely strict requirements for connectors. They must maintain stable and reliable power, signal, and data transmission under harsh conditions such as continuous vibration, mechanical shock, dust, and oil contamination. Therefore, connectors used in industrial robots typically feature high protection ratings, vibration resistance, compact design, and high integration capabilities.

In the field of industrial connectors, PE (Protective Earth) and FE (Functional Earth) are two critical grounding concepts. Although both are related to grounding, they have significant differences in their definitions, functions, and application scenarios. Taking the widely used M12 connector (STKLM type interface) in industrial automation as an example, this article provides an in-depth analysis of the differences between PE and FE.